Cisco designs and sells networking hardware, software, and services that power enterprise IT and internet infrastructure. Cisco's core products — switches, routers, and wireless access points — connect devices, data centers, cloud environments, and users across enterprise, government, and service provider customers. Key product lines include Catalyst 9000 campus switches, Nexus 9000 data center switches, and Cisco 8000 series routers. Cisco also designs its own networking chip, Silicon One, which underpins many of its products and is central to Cisco's push into AI infrastructure for hyperscale customers. Beyond networking, Cisco sells security products (firewalls, SASE, XDR, and identity), the Webex collaboration suite, and network observability tools. Cisco acquired Splunk in March 2024, significantly expanding its security analytics and threat detection capabilities. Cisco sells primarily through channel partners — resellers, systems integrators, and distributors — though it also sells directly to large enterprise and public sector customers. Cisco makes money through hardware sales, software subscriptions, and services. Subscription revenue represented 54% of total revenue in Q4 FY25, reflecting Cisco's multi-year shift away from one-time hardware and perpetual license sales. Cisco's growth strategy focuses on AI infrastructure (particularly back-end networking for hyperscalers), an enterprise campus refresh cycle, security platform expansion via cross-selling Splunk, and continued growth in recurring software revenue.